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The Culture and Art of India, by Radhakamal Mukerjee
PDF Ebook The Culture and Art of India, by Radhakamal Mukerjee
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- Published on: 2012-11-19
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: .0" h x .0" w x .0" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 200 pages
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In-Depth Cultural History
By Thomas F. Ogara
I am informed that nowadays the academic subject known as "World History" has truly become worldly, and the students, at better schools anyway, are required to know the dates of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang Dynasty as well as the usual litany of dates from European history.
However, India still remains to some extent absent in the curriculum. The most that the non-specialist is apt to learn about India in school is something about the Upanishads and the beginnings of Buddhism, usually gleaned from an undergraduate course in Comparitive Cultures. One is left with the impression that India has lived in a vacuum for the last two thousand years.
There is a reason for this, and it's one that Professor Mukerjee addresses in the Introduction to this interesting book: unlike all the other major Eurasian civilizations, India does not look at its history in terms of either politics or warfare. The major motive force in Indian civilization, he avers, has been social interaction and metaphysics. This means that analyzing Indian culture with European criteria is misleading.
It is true that Indians sometimes show a bland disregard for diachronicity in their history, leading sometimes to absurdly outrageous statements such as the common assertion that the events in the Mahabharata took place before 3000 BCE, long before the Aryan invasion. It is also true that compared with India, the European, East Asian and Middle Eastern cultures all are alike in emphasizing the politico-military aspects in their own cultural development.
Professor Mukerjee therefore sets out to elaborate his own criteria for judging the development of Indian culture, and does it in terms of declines and renascences - "reincarnations", if you will - in Indian culture, which specifically means Indian religion. In a culture in which virtually everything becomes a question of religion and in which reincarnation is a basic tenet, this is not surprising.
And in fact it is an exceptionally enlightening way of approaching the subject; it certainly provides coherent answers for some of the questions that foreigners are apt to find nebulous in Indian history, such as why Buddhism disappeared in the land of its origin and what gave rise to the Sikh Brotherhood. In fact the book is a storehouse of detailed information regarding the phenomena of Indian culture, as well as the impact that India has had on Southeast Asia and the Indonesian archipelago.
It is a heavy meal, however, and not easily digested. It is not a book for the novice on India, and people starting out on the subject will want to read something like A.L. Basham's "Wonder that was India" first before moving on to this book. If you're not already familiar with Indian history, you may also want to keep a basic book on that within reach too, such as Romila Thapar's history of pre-Moghul India. Despite his disclaimer of the importance of wars and politics, Professor Mukerjee expects that his reader will be familiar with Indian history. The text will jump around chronologically as necessary, and while there is a time line in the back of the book, it is littered with references to cultural items and not easy to follow.
It is in areas like this that the book tends to fall down, and so much background knowledge was assumed of the reader that at first I wondered whether this book was in fact intended for educated Indians and not for foreign readers. In addition to history, it is assumed that the reader will be quite familiar with the geography of the subcontinent, too.
Two other caveats are in order. The book is studded with Sanskrit terms which are apt to make the uninformed reader lose his way. A relatively obscure school of yoga or metaphysics may be mentioned in passing at one point, only to turn up again fifty pages later without a re-description. Also, like the Ancient Greeks only more so, the Indians use a large number of epithets for their gods, and Professor Mukerjee will often use whichever name he feels fits best in a given circumstance. This makes the work heavy sledding for a non-specialist.
Finally, there is the all-too-familiar cloud hanging over the Muslim era, as is usual in books by Hindus on Indian history. Hindu writers usually tend to describe the period from the time of the Sultinate of Delhi onward as an era of stagnation in Indian culture, and while Professor Mukerjee doesn't specifically state this attitude, its presence is felt. The usual critiques are mentioned: the assertion that only low-caste Hindus converted to Islam is repeated, along with the perception that Hinduism mollified and humanized a cold, unfeeling, legalistic Islam. Regarding the first of these, it is no doubt true that most converts were from the lower castes, but this is not really a criticism - the upper-caste Hindus had too much to lose materially by converting and thereby losing their caste status, marriage rights and possibly even their property. As for the charge of Hinduism humanizing Islam, it can just as easily be argued that Islamic mysticism had a humanizing impact on a priest-ridden Hinduism that had become topheavy with ritual.
To add insult to injury, Professor Mukerjee manages to bowdlerize his transliterations of Arabic and Persian words, unlike his scrupulous attention to detail with Sanskrit, although in this case it must be admitted that he does something similar with Chinese terms, using an obsolete system of transliteration.
However, it only fair to mention that the animosity between Muslim and Hindu India has been around for a long time, both sides feel they have good reasons to be offended, and it isn't going to disappear any time soon. The book is primarily designed to describe Hindu culture, in any case. It is an extremely valuable addition to our understanding of that culture.
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